- Turkmenistan is a landlocked country in Central Asia, bordering the Caspian Sea to the west, Iran and Afghanistan to the south, Uzbekistan to the north-east, and Kazakhstan to the north-west.
- Turkmenistan's average elevation is 100 to 220 meters above sea level.
- Turkmenistan's highest point is Mount Ayrybaba (3,137 meters) in the Kugitang Range of the Pamir-Alay chain in the far east.
- The lowest point is Akjagaýa Depression in north-western Turkmenistan, ( –81 meters).
- It's terrain is flat-to-rolling sandy desert with dunes elevating to mountains in the south and low mountains along border with Iran.
- The Kopetdag Range is a region that is made up of foothills, dry and sandy slopes, mountain plateaus, and steep ravines. Shifting winds create desert mountains that range from two to twenty meters in height and may be several kilometers in length.
- The Garagum Desert (also known as Karakum) is dominant feature in Turkmenistan, which occupies about 350,000 square kilometers of the region. The giant hole in the desert is knows as "The Door To Hell" and has been on fire for more than 40 years.
- The Kopet Dag is undergoing tectonic transformation, meaning that the region is threatened by earthquakes.